PF Shield’s Comments…
This is a jurisdictional issue regarding charging order protection. It basically shows that if a charging order is entered in one state in regards to an out-of-state LLC, the charging order is effective against the LLC, even if the LLC is domiciled in another state. This means the nuances of charging order protection statutes from state to state may not be as important (at least in regards to interstate matters) as one might originally think, since the local judge will likely use the remedial laws of his state when issuing a charging order. (A properly structured asset protection plan would not be harmed by this fact, regardless of jurisdiction.)
And now the case…
Koh v. Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd.
54 P.3d 1270 (Wash.App.Div.1 10/07/2002)
Synopsis
Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd. is a Singapore public corporation with its principal place of business in Singapore. Inno- Pacific employed Kay Yew Koh to conduct business activities on its behalf in California. Koh sued Inno- Pacific for wrongful termination in California, and prevailed. In post-judgment discovery, Koh learned that Inno-Pacific owned a 50 percent interest in Sawyer Falls, a limited liability company, registered under the laws of the state of Washington as a domestic limited liability company. Sawyer Falls has an agent in Washington and owns 478 acres of undeveloped real property in Washington. However, Sawyer Falls registered as its principal place of business an address in Malaysia and represents that its main office, officers, employees, books, and records are located in Malaysia.
Koh obtained a charging order against Inno’s interest in Sawyer Falls. Inno moved to quash the charging order stating that the court lacked personal jurisdiction. The court held that Washington’s Limited Liability Company Act clearly allows him to reach Inno-Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls through a validly entered foreign judgment and charging order entered in Washington by a court of competent jurisdiction. A charging order entered here against the property interest is permissible.
Opinion
Koh v. Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd., 54 P.3d 1270 (Wash.App.Div.1 10/07/2002)
Washington Court of Appeals
No. 47991-1-I
114 Wash.App. 268, 54 P.3d 1270, 2002.WA.0001445
October 07, 2002
KAY YEW KOH, APPELLANT,
v.
INNO-PACIFIC HOLDINGS, LTD., RESPONDENT.
Appeal from Superior Court of King County Docket No: 002223285 Judgment or order under review Date filed: 12/18/2000 Judge signing: Hon. Robert Alsdorf
* * *
The opinion of the court was delivered by: Grosse, J.
Concurring: William W. Baker, Walter E. Webster
PUBLISHED OPINION
Normally, personal property is found, for purposes of levy or attachment, where it is physically located or where the owner resides. The interest of a member in a limited liability company is personal property. Therefore, once it has been determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that a defendant is a debtor of the plaintiff, an action to realize on that debt in Washington, where the defendant has a property interest in a limited liability company, is proper whether or not Washington would have had jurisdiction to determine the existence of the debt as an original matter.
FACTS
Inno-Pacific Holdings, Ltd. (Inno-Pacific) is a Singapore public corporation with its principal place of business in Singapore. Inno- Pacific employed Kay Yew Koh (Koh) to conduct business activities on its behalf in California. Koh sued Inno- Pacific for wrongful termination in California, and prevailed receiving a money judgment against Inno-Pacific in the amount of $240,000 (Singapore dollars). Inno-Pacific had appeared through counsel to defend itself against Koh’s claim.
In post-judgment discovery, Koh learned that Inno-Pacific owned a 50 percent interest in Sawyer Falls, a limited liability company, registered under the laws of the state of Washington as a domestic limited liability company. Sawyer Falls has an agent in Washington and owns 478 acres of undeveloped real property in Washington as a long-term development project.
However, Sawyer Falls registered as its principal place of business an address in Malaysia and represents that its main office, officers, employees, books, and records are located in Malaysia.
Two years after the California judgment, Koh obtained a charging order in King County Superior Court against Inno-Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls. Inno-Pacific filed a motion to quash the charging order based on lack of personal jurisdiction and lack of in rem jurisdiction, but did not contest the validity of the California judgment. The trial court quashed Koh’s charging order holding that the ‘Court lacks jurisdiction over Defendant’s membership interest in Sawyer Falls because the membership interest as personal property is located outside the state of Washington.’ Koh appeals.
DISCUSSION
Preliminary to the issue of jurisdiction is the location of Inno- Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls. Clearly, Inno-Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls is personal property to Inno-Pacific.*fn1 Inno-Pacific argues that an entity’s interest in a limited liability company exists where the entity resides, in this case in Singapore. Thus, Inno-Pacific concludes that Washington courts have no jurisdiction over its personal property interest in Sawyer Fal ls. Koh counters that an entity’s interest in a limited liability company is located where that company is formed.
Koh’s position is the more accurate. The touchstone of Inno-Pacific’s argument regarding jurisdiction is In re Estate of Grady.*fn2 That case does stand for the proposition that personal property is located where the owner is domiciled. Unquestionably, that is true for purposes of taxation.
However, that proposition does not preclude jurisdiction over personal property where it is found.*fn3 Certainly the language of the statute appears to reflect that a partnership interest is located where the partnership is formally organized:
On application to a court of competent jurisdiction by any judgment creditor of a member, the court may charge the limited liability company interest of the member with payment of the unsatisfied amount of the judgment with interest. To the extent so charged, the judgment creditor has only the rights of an assignee of the limited liability company interest. This chapter does not deprive any member of the benefit of any exemption laws applicable to the member’s limited liability company interest.*fn4
Washington’s Limited Liability Company Act is modeled substantially upon the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, which was in turn based upon the Uniform Partnership Act and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act, adopted in full or in part by various states.*fn5 Therefore, although the comments to the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, the Uniform Partnership Act, and the Revised Uniform Partnership Act do not directly discuss this issue, we can look to the few cases that do address the location of a partnership interest under one of these uniform acts.
In Rankin v. Culver, 16 years after Pennsylvania’s enactment of its version of the Uniform Partnership Act, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania analyzed whether a creditor could attach the partnership interest of a nonresident debtor when the partnership was organized and doing business in Pennsylvania.*fn6 The Rankin court found that an interest of a partner in firm assets is personalty and subject to foreign attachment. Further, the court held that a partnership doing business in Pennsylvania constituted a property interest in Pennsylvania to those who owned an interest in the partnership, thus a writ of foreign attachment on the partnership interest was valid.*fn7
In Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Birchwood Builders, Inc., a plaintiff received a judgment in New York and learned that the debtor, a New York resident, owned 40 percent of a partnership organized in New Jersey under that state’s version of the Uniform Partnership Act.*fn8 The partnership owned a tract of vacant land in New Jersey, although it earned no income. The plaintiff attempted to attach the partnership interest through a charging order in New Jersey. Although the New Jersey court did not discuss in detail the location of the partnership interest, it determined that even though the owner of the partnership interest resided in New York, the partnership was incorporated in New Jersey and thus the interest was subject to attachment in New Jersey.*fn9
These cases illustrate at the least that where a partnership organizes under the laws of a state, the partnership interest is located within that state. Here, Sawyer Falls is registered under the laws of the State of Washington, maintains an office and registered agent in Washington, and owns a parcel of property in Washington. Therefore, the partnership interest is located here.
Koh correctly asserts that Washington’s Limited Liability Company Act clearly allows him to reach Inno-Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls through a validly entered foreign judgment and charging order entered in Washington by a court of competent jurisdiction.*fn10 Nevertheless, Inno-Pacific argues, or appears to argue, that this apparent jurisdiction and authority should not be exercised because it offends the Constitution, citing Shaffer v. Heitner*fn11 and Hanson v. Denckla.*fn12 But, a careful look at those cases convinces us that jurisdiction does lie.
At first glance, the action here does appear to be the type of quasi in rem action described in the case of Hanson v. Denckla, a proceeding where the plaintiff seeks to apply property unrelated to the claim to the satisfaction of a judgment or claim against the defendant.*fn13 Clearly, Koh is attempting to apply the property of Inno-Pacific to a debt unrelated to that property. This type of quasi in rem jurisdiction was addressed in Washington in Ace Novelty Company v. M.W. Kasch Company and later addressed by the United States Supreme Court in Shaffer v. Heitner.*fn14
Ace Novelty involved a plaintiff that attempted to sue in Washington a Wisconsin company for a debt by attaching unrelated assets that the company allegedly owned in Washington. Shaffer involved a nonresident shareholder of a Delaware corporation who filed a motion in Delaware to attach the corporate stock of nonresident officers and directors to force them to appear for purposes of a different shareholder’s derivative suit. Both Ace Novelty and Shaffer held that this type of proceeding requires the same minimum contacts discussed in International Shoe Company v. State of Washington.*fn15 However, neither of the plaintiffs in those cases ha d obtained a valid foreign judgment, as Koh did here. This action is different. It involves action on a valid foreign judgment to obtain a charging order against the property of a judgment debtor. Here, it is registration of the foreign judgment in conjunction with the presence of the property that satisfies due process.
As the court in Shaffer notes, once a court of competent jurisdiction has determined that a defendant is a debtor of the plaintiff under the Full Faith and Credit Clause ‘there would seem to be no unfairness in allowing an action to realize on that debt in a State where the defendant has property, whether or not that State would have jurisdiction to determine the existence of the debt as an original matter.’*fn16 Therefore, because we have determined that the property exists in Washington and that Koh has a valid foreign judgment, our decision is simple. The Full Faith and Credit Clause and Washington’s Foreign Judgments Act allow Koh to register his California judgment and obtain a charging order against Inno-Pacific’s interest in Sawyer Falls.*fn17 There is no unfairness in allowing an action in this jurisdiction to realize on a valid California judgment. Indeed, such a result is required in order to give full faith and credit to the California judgment. The property is here. A charging order entered here against the property interest is permissible.
Reversed.
Opinion Footnotes
*fn1 RCW 25.15.245(1).
*fn2 In re Estate of Grady, 79 Wn.2d 41, 483 P.2d 114 (1971).
*fn3 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 247, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283 (1958) (citing State Tax Comm’n of Utah v. Aldrich, 316 U.S. 174, 62 S. Ct. 1008, 86 L. Ed. 1358 (1942); Curry v. McCanless, 307 U.S. 357, 59 S. Ct. 900, 83 L. Ed. 1339 (1939)).
*fn4 RCW 25.15.255.
*fn5 6A Nat’l Conference on Comm’rs on Uniform State Laws, Business and Nonprofit Organizations and Associations Laws at 235, 401 (West 1995) (sec. 703 of 1976 Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act; sec. 22 of 1916 Uniform Limited Partnership Act); see, e.g., The Charging Order Under the Uniform Partnership Act, 28 Wash. L. Rev, 1, 18 (Gose) 1953; Sherwood v. Jackson, 121 Cal. App. 354, 357, 8 P.2d 943 (1932); see, e.g., Ala. Code sec. 10-12-35 (1975); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. sec.. 34-30 (1961); Del. Code Ann. sec. 18-703 (2000); Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. sec. 428-504 (1996); Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. sec. 180/30-20 (1994); La. Code Ann. sec. 486A.504 (West 1998) (noting that the section is similar to sec. 504 of Uniform Partnership Act (1997)); Mont. Code Ann. sec. 35-8-705 (1993); N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 42:1A-30 (2000) (modeled after sec. 504 of Uniform Partnership Act (1997)); Or. Rev. St. Ann. sec. 63.259 (1993); Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. sec. 8345 (West 1988); S.C. Code Ann. sec. 33-44-504 (Law. Co-op. 1976); S.D. Codified Laws Ann. sec. 47-34A-504 (Michie 1998); Utah Code Ann. sec. 48-2c-1103 (1953); Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 11, sec. 3074 (1995); Va. Code Ann. sec. 13.1-1041 (Michie 1991); see, e.g., former RCW 25.04.280 (1955), repealed by Laws of 1998, ch. 103, sec. 1308 (effective January 1, 1999).
*fn6 Rankin v. Culver, 303 Pa. 401, 154 A. 701 (1931).
*fn7 Rankin, 303 Pa. at 404.
*fn8 Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Birchwood Builders, Inc., 240 N.J. Super. 260, 263, 573 A.2d 182 (1990); N.J. Stat. Ann. sec. 42:1-24 (West 1990).
*fn9 Birchwood Builders, Inc., 240 N.J. Super. at 266.
*fn10 RCW 6.40.050; RCW 25.15.255.
*fn11 Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 97 S. Ct. 2569, 53 L. Ed. 2d 683 (1977).
*fn12 Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235.
*fn13 See Hanson, 357 U.S. at 246 n.12.
*fn14 Ace Novelty Co. v. M.W. Kasch Co., 82 Wn.2d 145, 508 P.2d 1365 (1973); Shaffer, 433 U.S. 186.
*fn15 Int’l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945); Ace Novelty Co., 82 Wn.2d at 150; Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 187-88.
*fn16 Shaffer, 433 U.S. at 210 n.36 (emphasis added).
*fn17 U.S. Const. art. IV, sec. 1; 28 U.S.C.A. sec. 1738; RCW 6.40.050. Other jurisdictions have come to similar conclusions using the reasoning and language of Shaffer. Ruiz v. Lloses, 233 N.J. Super. 608, 559 A.2d 866 (1989); Fine v. Spierer, 486 N.Y.S.2d 9, 109 A.D.2d 611 (1985)